lnPvd hÀjw 1321 dP_v 3þ\v (1903 sk]väw_À 25) ]gb sslZdm_mZv kwØm\s¯ HudwKm_mZn k¿nZv A_pÂAAvem auZqZn P\n¨p.kzq^n
]mc¼cyapÅ . k¿nZv IpSpw_ambncp¶p At±l¯ntâXv. ]nXmhv AlvaZv lk³ aX`à\mb h¡o Bbncp¶p. At±l¯nsâ aq¶v B¬a¡fn Cfbh\mbncp¶p A_pÂAAvem. amXmhv dpJn¿m _oKw.

hnZym-`ymkw

ho«nÂ\n¶v {]mYanIhnZym`ymkw t\Snbtijw At±ls¯ B[p\nI ]mÝmXyhnZym`ymkhpw ]c¼cmKX CkvemanIhnZym`ymkhpw Hcpan¨v \ÂInbncp¶ aZvdk ^pÀJm\n¿bn tNÀ¯p. sk¡âdn hnZym`ymkw hnPbIcambn
]qÀ¯nbm¡nbtijw sslZdm_mZnse Zmdp Deqan D]cn]T\¯n\v tNÀ¶p. ]nXmhnsâ tcmKhpw acWhpw aqew Hu]NmcnI]T\w apS§n. F¶mÂ, kz´w \ne¡v AXy[zm\w sNbvXv At±lw ]Tn¨papt¶dn. 20 hbÊv XnIbpw ap¼v Xs¶ amXr`mjbmb DÀZphn\p ]pdsa Ad_n, t]Àjy³, Cw¥ojv `mjIÄ At±lw hiam¡n. hnhn[ hnjb§Ä hniZambn ]Tn¡m³ CXv At±ls¯ klmbn¨p.

]{X{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ
Hu]NmcnI]T\w apS§nb tijw auZqZn kmln_v ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nte¡v Xncnªp. 1918þ _oPv\qcnse "AÂaZo\' ]{Xm[n]kanXnbn AKwambn. 1920þ 17þmw hbÊn P_Â]qcnÂ\n¶v {]kn²oIcn¨ncp¶ XmPn sâ ]{Xm[n]cmbn. 1920þ ZÂlnbnse¯n PwC¿s¯ Deamsb lnµnsâ apkvenw ]{X¯nsâbpw (1921 apX 1923 hsc) A PwC¿¯n sâbpw (1925þ28) ]{Xm[n]cmbn tPmensNbvXp. auZqZnbpsS ]{Xm[n]Xy¯n A PwC¿¯v H¶mwInS ]{Xambn amdn.

cmjv{So-b-¯n XmÂ]cyw
1920þItfmsS cmjv{Sob¯nepw auZqZn kmln_v sNdnb tXmXn XmÂ]cyw ImWn¨pXpS§n. {_n«ojv `cWs¯ FXnÀ¡pIbpw apkvenwIsf A^vKm\nkvXm\nte¡v ]emb\w sN¿m³ t{]cn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ "XlvcosI lnPvd'¯nepw Jnem^¯v {]Øm\¯nepw tNÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n¨p. {]Øm\¯nsâ e£yhpw ]cn]mSnbpw bmYmÀYym[njvTnXhpw Bkq{XnXhpambncn¡Wsa¶v \nÀ_ÔapWvSmbncp¶ auZqZn kmln_n\v ]t£, A[nIImew AhtbmsSm¯pt]mIm³ IgnªnÃ. At±lw ]T\¯nepw ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nepw IqSpX {i² tI{µoIcn¨p

apIfnte¡v...--

BZy-]p-kvXIw

1920 apX 1928 hsc 4 hyXykvX ]pkvXI§Ä auZqZn kmln_v hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXp. H¶v Ad_nbnÂ\n¶pw _m¡nbpÅh Cw¥ojnÂ\n¶pw. BZys¯ {KÙamb A PnlmZp ^n Ckvemw 1927þ AÂPwC¿¯n  ]c¼cbmbn {]kn²oIcn¨p. 1930þ AXv
]pkvXIcq]¯n ]pd¯p h¶p. AÃmam apl½Zv CJv_mepw auem\m apl½Zen Puldpw {]kvXpX IrXnsb Gsd {]iwkn¡pIbpWvSmbn. auZqZn kmln_v Xsâ Ccp]XpIfn FgpXnbXmsW¦nepw C¶pw Gsd hneaXn¡s¸Sp¶ Cu IrXn At±l¯nsâ {]apJ {KÙ§fnsem¶mWv.

Kth-j-Whpw cN-\bpw
1928þ A PwC¿¯n Â\n¶v hncan¨ tijw auZqZn kmln_v sslZdm_mZnte¡p Xncn¨pt]mbn KthjW¯nepw Fgp¯nepw apgpIn. 1933þ kz´w ]{Xm[n]Xy¯n XÀPpam\p JpÀB³ amknI Bcw`n¨p. A¶papX Xsâ Bib§fpw Nn´Ifpw ho£W§fpw {]Imin¸n¡m\pÅ apJyam[yaambn AXv amdn.

ap¸XpIfpsS a[y¯n C´y³ apkvenwIÄ t\cn«psImWvSncp¶ apJy cmjv{SobþkmwkvImcnI{]iv\§sf Ipdn¨v CkvemanIImgvN¸mSneqsS At±lw FgpXm³ XpS§n. apkvenwIfn kzm[o\w sNep¯ns¡mWvSncp¶ A\nkvemanI BibmZÀi§sfbpw Nn´mKXnIsfbpw cq£ambn hnaÀin¡pIbpw AhbpsS s]můcw kaÀYambn Xpd¶pIm«pIbpw sNbvXp.

]n¶oSv AÃmam CJv_mensâ £W{]Imcw sslZdm_mZv hn«v ]©m_nse ]Tm³tIm«v PnÃbnÂv Xmakam¡nb auZqZn AhnsS Zmdp Ckvemw F¶ t]cn Hcp A¡mZanI, KthjWØm]\w Bcw`n¨p. AÃmam CJv_ment\msSm¸w tNÀ¶v CkvemanINn´bpsS ]p\À\nÀamWw bmYmÀYyam¡pIbpw CkvemanIhnjb§fn Ignhpä ]ÞnX·msc hmÀs¯Sp¡pIbpw Ckvemansâ ta· shfns¸Sp¯p¶ cN\IÄ \S¯pIbpambncp¶p e£yw.

apIfnte¡v...--.--

Pam-As¯ Ckveman

1940þItfmsS ka{Kamb Hcp CkvemanI{]Øm\¯n\v cq]w \ÂIp¶Xns\ Ipdn¨v auZqZn kmln_v
Kuch]qÀhw Nn´n¡m³ XpS§n. A§s\ At±lw 1941 BKkvXv 26 \v emtlmdn hnfn¨ptNÀ¯ \m«nsâ \m\m`mK§fn \n¶pÅ 72 t]À ]s¦Sp¯ tbmK¯n sh¨v PamAs¯ Ckveman¡v cq]w sImWvSp. BZys¯ Aaodmbn sXcsªSp¡s¸« At±lw 1972þ BtcmKyImcW§fm D¯chmZnXzw Hgnbp¶Xphsc B NpaXe \nÀhln¨p.

t]mcm-«hpw ]oU-\-§fpw
C´ymhn`P\s¯¯pSÀ¶v 1947 BKÌnÂ
]mInkvXm\n Xmakam¡nb auZqZn AhnsS Hcp bYmÀY CkvemanIkaqlhpw cmjv{Shpw
Øm]n¡m³ ]cn{ian¨p. `cWm[nImcnIÄ ISp¯ \S]SnItfmsS At±ls¯ t\cn«p. ]eXhW At±ls¯ AdÌpsNbvXv PbneneS¨p. 1953þ JmZnbm\o{]iv\s¯¡pdn¨v Hcp eLpteJ FgpXnbXnsâ t]cn cmPyt{Zml¡päw Npa¯n ]«mftImSXn auZqZnkmln_n\v h[in£ hn[n¨p. am¸t]£ \ÂIn Ipähnapà\mIm³ Ahkcw e`ns¨¦nepw kXy¯n\pthWvSn h[in£ kzoIcn¡m³ XbmdmhpIbmWv At±lw sNbvXXv. HSphnÂ
]mInØm\I¯pw temI¯nsâ CXc `mK§fnepw DWvSmb iàamb FXnÀ¸ns\ XpSÀ¶v h[in£ Poh]cy´w XShmbn Npcp¡m\pw ]n¶oSv AXpXs¶ d±m¡m\pw `cWIqSw \nÀ_ÔnXambn.

apIfnte¡v...----

kw`m-h-\-IÄ

auZqZn kmln_v 120þtesd ]pkvXI§fpw eLpteJIfpw FgpXn. Bbnc¯ntesd {]kwK§fpw ]{X{]kvXmh\Ifpw \S¯n. efnXhpw NSpehpw Icp¯päXpamWv At±l¯nsâ cN\mcoXn. hnhn[ hnjb§sf Ipdn¨v ]ÞntXmNnXambpw bpàn`{ZXtbmsSbpw AtXmsSm¸w kcfambpw At±lw FgpXn. X^vkoÀ, lZokv, \nbaw, X¯zNn´, Ncn{Xw F¶nhsbÃmw At±l¯nsâ hnjb§fmbncp¶p. cmjv{Sobhpw km¼¯nIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpw kmaqlnIhpw ssZhimkv{X]chpamb hnhn[ {]iv\§Ä At±lw NÀ¨sN¿pIbpw CkvemanIm[ym]\§fpambn Ahsb _Ôn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. X^vloap JpÀB³ BWv auZqZn kmln_nsâ Gähpw al¯mb cN\. JpÀBsâ sam¯w Bib¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n JpÀB³ Bb¯pIsf hniZoIcn¡p¶ coXnbmWv AXn At±lw kzoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. 1943þ X^vloap JpÀBsâ cN\ 1972þemWv
]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXv. kwLS\IÄ¡pw cmPymXnÀ¯nIÄ¡pa¸pdw kzm[o\w sNep¯m³ Ignª At±l¯nsâ IrXnIÄ Cw¥ojv, Ad_n, t]Àjy³, lnµn, {^©v, PÀa³, kzmlnen, Xangv, _wKmfn, aebmfw XpS§n Fgp]Xntesd `mjIfnte¡v hnhÀ¯\w sN¿s¸«n«pWvSv. Ct¸mgpaXv XpScp¶----

auZqZnsb¡pdn¨ IrXnIÄ

A_pÂ-AAvemþ Sn apl½-Zv
aq¶-v apkvenw ]cnjvIÀ¯-m¡-Ä þ sI.sI. Aen
hnaÀ-in¡-s¸-Sp¶ auZqZn þ Hcp kwLw teJIÀ-

auZqZn IrXnIÄ aebmf¯nÂ-
JpÀB³ `mjyw
X^vloap JpÀB³ (Bdv hmfy§Ä)
Ckvemw aXw
c£mkcWn
Ckvemapw Pmlnen¿¯pw
JpXp_m¯v
kXyamÀKw
Ckvemansâ cmjv{Sob kn²m´w
kXykm£yw
\nÀamWhpw kwlmchpw
acWm\´c PohnXw
Ckvemw: Hcp ]²Xn, {]Øm\w
Ckvemansâ PohnX hyhØ
_p²nbpsS hn[n
atXXcXzw, tZiobXzw, P\m[n]Xyw Hcp XmXznI hniIe\w
ssZh \nÀtZiw FhnsS?
JXvap¶p_pƯv
CkvemanI{]hÀ¯IcpsS D¯chmZnXz§Ä
kZmNmcw CkvemanÂ
Ckvemw B[p\nIbpK¯nÂ
a\pjysâ auenImhImi§Ä
tNmtZym¯cw
Ckvemansâ ktµiw
ldansâ ktµiw
PpapA JpXp_
{hXm\pjvTm\w
CkvemanI kwkvImcw aqeineIÄ
JpÀB³ ]T\¯n\v Hcp apJhpc
Jnem^¯pw cmPhmgvNbpw
\_nNcybpsS ktµiw
JpÀB\nse \mev kmt¦XnI i_vZ§Ä
Zm¼Xy\nba§Ä CkvemanÂ
CkvemanI{]t_m[\w F´v?
kp¶¯nsâ {]mamWnIX
{]Øm\hpw {]hÀ¯Icpw
PnlmZv

AhmÀUv
1962þ "dm_nXzXp Bean Ckveman'bpsS Øm]IkanXnbn AwKamb auZqZn¡mWv 1979þ A´cmjv{SXe¯n CkvemanItkh\¯n\pÅ {]Ya ss^k AhmÀUv e`n¨Xv. IqSmsX {it²b§fmb Ht«sd _lpaXnIfpw At±l¯n\v e`n¡pIbpWvSmbn.

A´yw

t\ct¯bpWvSmbncp¶ hr¡tcmKw 1979 G{]nen hÀ[n¡pIbpw lrZbkw_Ôamb tcmK§Ä¡Sns¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. NnInÕ¡mbn At±ls¯ Atacn¡bnte¡v sImWvSpt]mbn. At±l¯nsâ cWvSmas¯ ]p{X³ \yqtbmÀ¡nse _^tembn tUmIvSdmbncp¶p. ikv{X{Inbsb¯pSÀ¶v 1979 sk]väw_À 22þ\v At±lw \ncymX\mbn. 76 hbÊmbncp¶p. P\mk ]n¶oSv
]mInkvXm\nte¡v sImWvSph¶v emtlmdnse ho«phf¸n kwkvIcn¨p. Ckveman\pw CkvemanIkaql¯n\pw sNbvX al¯mb tkh\§Ä¡v AÃmlp auZqZn kmln_n\v DZmcambn {]Xn^ew \ÂIpamdmIs« þBao³.