Aev]w hniZoIcWaÀln¡p¶ tNmZyamWnXv. 1492 a\pjyNcn{X¯nse Gähpw henb Zpc´¯nsâ hÀjambncp¶p. \oWvS \nch[n \qämWvSpImew imkv{Xþkmt¦XnI cwK§fnepw Iem,kmlnXy, kmwkvImcnI, \mKcnI, sshÚm\nI taJeIfnepw temI¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInt¸m¶ apkvenw kvs]bn\nse Ahkm\s¯ `cWm[nImcn A_q A_vZpÃbmbncp¶p. {Km\sU \Kcw am{Xta At±l¯nsâ A[o\XbnepWvSmbncp¶pÅq. 1492 P\phcn Ahkm\t¯msSbmWv Abmsf ]pdwXÅn kv]m\njpImÀ AhnsS B[n]Xyapd¸n¨Xv. kvs]bn\nsâ ]X\w ]qÀ¯nbmb AtX hÀjamWv km{amPyXzm[n\nthiw Bcw`n¨sX¶ hkvXpX Gsd {it²bas{X. 1492þemWtÃm sImfw_kv Xsâ "IsWvS¯Â' bm{X¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv.
AtXhÀjw HIvtSm_À 12þ\v AbmÄ Kzm\mlm\n Zzo]nse¯n. Bbp[§fpambn I¸end§nb sImfw_kpw Iq«pImcpw, AXpapX B \mSv kv]m\njv cmPmhnsâXmbncn¡psa¶v {]Jym]n¨p. Xt±iobsc AhÀ¡dnbm¯ kv]m\njv `mjbnepÅ D¯chv hmbn¨ptIĸn¨p. AXv A\pkcn¨nsæn F´mWv kw`hn¡pIsb¶v C§s\ hniZoIcn¨p: ""Rm³ Dd¸n¨p ]dbp¶p, ssZhklmb¯m R§Ä \n§fpsS cmPy¯v _eambn {]thin¡pw. \n§tfmSv Bhpwhn[w bp²w sN¿pw. \n§sf {InkvXy³ ]Ån¡pw X{¼m¡·mÀ¡pw Iogvs]Sp¯pw. \n§sfbpw `mcyamscbpw Ip«nIsfbpsaÃmw ]nSnIqSn ASnaIfm¡pw. \n§fpsS kmam\§Ä ]nSn¨S¡pw. R§fmemhp¶ FÃm t{Zmlhpw \mihpw \n§Ä¡v hcp¯pw''( David E Stannard, American Holocaust, The conquest of the n ew World, OUP 1993, P 66) ( D²cWw: ]cm¶t`mPnIÄ: ]mÝmXyh¡cW¯nsâ Aªqdp hÀjw, sF.]n.F¨v, ]pdw 17)
CtXmsSbmWv bqtdm¸nsâ A[n\nthiw Bcw`n¨Xv. apkvenw kvs]bn³ XIÀ¶v IrXyw BdphÀjw Ignªv 1498þemWtÃm hmkvtImUKma tImgnt¡m«v I¸end§nbXv.
1492þ Atacn¡bn GgctImSn¡pw ]¯ptImSn¡panSbn BZnhmknIfpWvSmbncp¶p. bqtdm]y³ A[n\nthis¯¯pSÀ¶v H¶c \qämWvSpsImWvSv Ahcn 90 iXam\hpw kz´w a®nÂ\n¶v XpS¨p\o¡s¸«p. {Iqcamb Iq«s¡meIfneqsS Xt±iobsc \in¸n¨tijw 1776þse "kzmX{´y{]Jym]\t¯msS' bqtdm]yÀ Atacn¡ A[o\s¸Sp¯pIbmbncp¶p. XoÀ¯pw A\oXnbnepw AXn{Ia¯nepw A[njvTnXamb Cu {]Jym]\¯neqsSbmWv C¶s¯ Atacn¡ Øm]nXambXv.
1527þ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ _lvssd³ ]nSn¨S¡n. sXm«pSs\ Ham\pw Iogvs¸Sp¯n. F¦nepw Dkvam\nIÄ B \mSpIÄ Xncn¨p]nSn¨p. ]n¶oSv 1798þ1801 Ime¯v s\t¸mfnbsâ {^©v tk\ CuPn]vXnse AeIvkm{ WvSnb , A¡m \Kc§Ä A[o\s¸Sp¯n.
]n¶n« cWvSv \qämWvSpIÄ Ad_v þapkvenw \mSpIÄ CXc Gjy\m{^n¡³ cmPy§sft¸mse¯s¶ ]mÝmXym[n\nthi¯ntâXmbncp¶p. {^m³kv 1830þ AÄPocnbbpw 1859þ Pn_q«nbpw 1881þ Xp\ojybpw 1919þ audn¯m\nbbpw A[o\s¸Sp¯n. Cäen 1859þ tkmamenbbpw 1911þ en_nbbpw 1880þ sFcn{Xnbbpw Iogvs¸Sp¯n. {_n«³ 1800þ akvI¯pw 1820þ Hamsâ _m¡n `mKhpw 1839þ GX\pw 1863þ _lvssd\pw 1878þ ssk{]kpw 1882þ CuPn]vXpw 1898þ kpUm\pw 1899þ IpsshXpw ]nSn¨S¡n. 1916þ {_n«\pw {^m³kpw tNÀ¶pWvSm¡nb sskIvkvþ]nt¡m«v clky Icmd\pkcn¨v Dkvam\nbm Jeo^bpsS IognepWvSmbncp¶ Ad_v {]hniyIÄ {_n«\pw {^m³kpw ]¦ns«Sp¯p. A§s\ CdmJpw tPmÀZm\pw ^ekvXo\pw J¯dpw {_n«sâbpw kndnbbpw e_\m\pw {^m³knsâbpw ]nSnbneaÀ¶p. samtdmt¡m kvs]bn\nsâbpw Ct´mt\jy U¨pImcpsSbpw tImf\nIfmbn. C´ybpw A^vKm\nØm\psaÃmw km{amPyiànIfpsS ]nSnbneaÀ¶t]mse¯s¶.
Ignª \qämWvSnsâ BZy]mZw ]n¶n«tXmsS ]Snªmdnsâ tImf\nIfnseÃmw kzmX{´ykacw iàns¸«p. XZv^eambn 1932þ CdmJpw '46þ kndnbbpw e_\m\pw '51þ en_nbbpw Ham\pw '52þ CuPn]vXpw '56þ samtdmt¡mbpw kpUm\pw Xp\ojybpw '58þ tPmÀZm\pw '59þ audn¯m\nbbpw '60þ tkmamenbbpw '61þ Ipssh¯pw '62þ AÄPocnbbpw '68þ ba\pw '71þ J¯dpw _lvssd\pw Ad_v Fantdävkpw '77þ Pn_q«nbpw kzmX{´yw t\Sn.
F¶mÂ, km{amPyiànIÄ Cu \mSpItfmSv hnS]dªXv AhnS§fneS¡w AhcpsS XmÂ]cy§Ä kwc£n¡p¶ GIm[n]XnIfpw tkzÑm[nImcnIfpamb cmPm¡·mscbpw N{IhÀ¯namscbpw kp¯m·mscbpw {]XnjvTn¨ tijambncp¶p. AtXmsSm¸w Cu \mSpIÄ¡nSbnseÃmw A]cnlmcy§fmb AXnÀ¯n¯À¡§fpw DWvSm¡nsh¨p. ba\pw kuZn Atd_ybpw X½nepw Cdm\pw CdmJpw X½nepw CdmJpw Ipssh¯pw X½nepw Cdm\pw bp.F.Cbpw X½nepw C\nbpw ]cnlcn¡s¸Sm¯ XÀ¡§Ä \ne\n¡m\pÅ ImcWw km{amPyXziànIÄ sNbvXpsh¨ IpX{´§fs{X. Ad_vþapkvenw \mSpIÄ H¶n¡p¶Xn\v Cu AXnÀ¯n XÀ¡§Ä Øncamb XSÊw krjvSn¡p¶tXmsSm¸w ]et¸mgpw InSaÂkc¯n\v ImcWambn¯ocpIbpw sN¿p¶p. Atacn¡¡pw CXc apXemfn¯ \mSpIÄ¡pw AhnS§fnse s]t{Smfpw hmXIhpw CXc AkwkvIrX ]ZmÀY§fpw X«nsbSp¡m\pw B \mSpIsf X§fpsS Bbp[¡t¼mfam¡n amäm\pw CXv Ahkcsamcp¡p¶p.
km{amPyiànIÄ Xs¶ krjvSn¨ XÀ¡¯nsâ t]cnemWtÃm CdmJpw Ipssh¯pw X½nteäpap«nbXv. CXv Atacn¡¡v taJebn CSs]Sm³ Ahkcsamcp¡n. AXpXs¶bmbncp¶phtÃm AhcpsS e£yw. Ad_vþapkvenw \mSpIÄ kzmX{´yw t\Snbtijhpw AhnS§fnseÃmw ]Snªmdnsâ AZriykm{amPyXzhpw NqjWhpw \nb{´Whpw Ct¶mfw \ne\n¶pt]m¶n«pWvSv. B cmPy§Äs¡m¶pw Xs¶ kz´w \mSpIfnse hn`h§Ä CjvSm\pkrXw hn\ntbmKn¡mt\m \nb{´n¡mt\m km[n¨n«nÃ. AhnS§fnse `cWm[nImcnIÄ Adntªm AdnbmsXtbm \nÀ_ÔnXamtbm AÃmsXtbm ]Snªmdnsâ XmÂ]cy§Ä kwc£n¨phcnIbmbncp¶p.
CdmJn CSs]Sm³ Ahkcw e`n¨tXmsS Atacn¡ Ad_v \mSpIfpsS taepÅ ]nSnapdp¡pIbpw X§fpsS ]«mfs¯ Xoänt¸mäp¶ NpaXebpw km¼¯nI {]XnkÔn ]cnlcn¡p¶ _m[yXbpw B \mSpIfpsS ta sh¨psI«pIbpw sNbvXp. C¶v FÃm {][m\ Ad_v \mSpIfnepw Atacn¡¡v Bbp[imeIfpw ssk\nI¯mhf§fpapWvSv. AXv Ahkm\n¸n¡Wsa¶v Bhiys¸Sp¶Xpw Cu km{amPyXz NqjW¯n\v AdpXnhcp¯Wsa¶v hmZn¡p¶Xpw sImSnb ]mXIambmWv ]mÝmXykm{amPy iànIÄ IW¡m¡p¶Xv.
Ignª \qämWvSnse Ahkm\ZiIw hsc temI¯v imànIamb k´penXXzw \ne\n¶ncp¶p. F¶m tkmjyenÌv tNcn ZpÀ_eambn Ncn{X¯nsâ `mKambtXmsS ioXkacw Ahkm\n¨p. temIw Atacn¡bpsS t\XrXz¯n GI{[phambn amdn. KÄ^v bp²¯n Atacn¡³ tNcn hnPbn¨tXmsS B cmPyw temIt]meokv Nabm³ XpS§n. X§fpsS XmÂ]cy§Ä¡v FXncp \n¡p¶hscsbÃmw Xo{hhmZnIfpw `oIchmZnIfpambn ap{ZIp¯pIbpw Ahscsbms¡ XIÀ¡m³ Cd§n¸pds¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.
]mÝmXy tNcn IayqWnÌv \mSpIfpsS XIÀ¨tbmsS X§fpsS apJyi{Xphmbn {]XnjvTn¨Xv Ckvemans\bmWv. Atacn¡bpw AXnsâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ \mtämbpw C¡mcyw kwibteiat\y hyàam¡nbn«pWvSv. AXn\m temIsa§papÅ CkvemanI \thm°m\ Ne\§sfbpw apt¶ä§sfbpw ASn¨aÀ¯m\pw \in¸n¡m\pw Atacn¡bpw Iq«mfnIfpw Bhp¶sXms¡ sN¿p¶p. AXn\mbn BSns\ ]«nbm¡pw hn[apÅ {]NmctheIÄ kwLSn¸n¡p¶p. Ckveman\pw apkvenwIÄ¡psaXnsc aXauenIhmZw, aX{`m´v, `oIcX, Xo{hhmZw XpS§nb ]Z§Ä \nc´cw \nÀtem`w {]tbmKn¨psImWvSncn¡p¶p. 1993þ Atacn¡³ tIm¬{KÊv AwKoIcn¨p ]pd¯nd¡nb tIhew 93 ]pd§fpÅ "]pXnb temI CkvemanÌpIÄ' F¶ HutZymKnI tcJbn 288 {]mhiyw `oIcX, `oIcÀ F¶o ]Z§Ä {]tbmKn¨n«pWvSv. kbWnÌv {]Øm\t¯mSv Iqdp]peÀ¯p¶ ^m³t^msdbvÌv, tbmk^v tkmZm³kvIn F¶nhcmWv {]kvXpX tcJ X¿mdm¡nbXv.
bYmÀY¯n BcmWv temI¯v Iq«s¡meIfpw bp²§fpw `oIc{]hÀ¯\§fpw \S¯p¶Xv? H¶mw temIbp²¯n 80 e£hpw cWvSmw temIbp²¯n A©ptImSnbpw hnbäv\man ap¸Xp e£hpw sImÃs¸«p. ]\mabnepw tKm«naebnepw \n¡cmKzbnepw I¼q¨nbbnepw sImdnbbnepw Z£nWm{^n¡bnepsaÃmw At\Ie£§Ä AdpsIme sN¿s¸SpIbpWvSmbn. CXnsem¶pw Ckvemant¶m apkvenwIÄt¡m Hcp ]¦panÃ.
P¸m³ bp²¯nÂ\n¶v ]n·mdm³ X¿mdmbn«pw lntcmjnabnepw \mKkm¡nbnepw t_mw_v hÀjn¨ sImSpw `oIc\mb Atacn¡Xs¶bmWv C¶pw B t]cn¶Àl³. X§fpsS IpSne XmÂ]cy§Äs¡Xncp \n¡p¶ FÃm \mSpIsfbpw kaql§sfbpw B cmPyw FXnÀ¡p¶p. kz´w hcpXnbn hcm¯ \mSpIfnseÃmw `oIc{]hÀ¯\§Ä kwLSn¸n¡p¶p. NmckwLS\bmb kn.sF.Fsbbpw `oIc{]hÀ¯Icmb kbWnÌpIsfbpw AXn\mbn D]tbmKn¡p¶p. B`y´c {]iv\§Ä Hgnhm¡m³ t]mepw temI¯v bp²§fpWvSm¡p¶p. Atacn¡³ cmjv{Sobhr¯§fn \ndªp\n¡p¶ anÌÀ tdmkvs]tdm ]dbp¶p: ""B`y´cØnXn tamiamIpt¼mÄ {i² Xncn¨phnSm\mbn R§Ä temI¯v sIm¨psIm¨p bp²§Ä kwLSn¸n¡p¶p.''
CÆn[w Ignª Hcp \qämWvSn\Iw Atacn¡ temI¯nse A¼Xntesd cmPy§fn {]Xy£amtbm ]tcm£amtbm CSs]«v Ipg¸§Ä Ip¯ns¸m¡pIbpw Iq«s¡meIÄ kwLSn¸n¡pIbpapWvSmbn. C¯csamcp `oIccmjv{S¯nsâ {]NmcWamWv Ckvemans\bpw apkvenwIsfbpw kw_Ôn¨ sXän²mcWIÄ hfÀ¶phcm\nShcp¯nbXv. FÃm hn[ {]NmctWm]m[nIfpw I¿S¡nsh¡p¶ Atacn¡bpsS IpSneX{´§Ä temIP\Xsb sXän²cn¸n¡p¶Xn A\ev]amb ]¦phln¡pIbmWpWvSmbXv.
bYmÀY¯nÂ, C¶v temI¯nse Gähpw sImSnb `oIcIrXyw \S¯p¶Xv kam[m\¯nsâ kwc£Icmbn Adnbs¸Sp¶ sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS skIyqcnän Iu¬knemWv. GsX¦nepw Hcp cmPys¯ `cWm[nImcntbmSpÅ i{XpXbpsS t]cn B cmPy¯nsâ bm{Xmhnam\w X«ns¡mWvSpt]mbn AXnse \m\qtdm Aªqtdm BfpIsf _µnIfm¡nbm \mahsc Xo{hhmZnIsf¶pw `oIchmZnIsf¶pw hnfn¡pw. XoÀ¨bmbpw AXv icnbpamWv. \nc]cm[cmb bm{X¡msc imcocnIambpw am\knIambpw ]oUn¸n¡p¶Xv {IqcXbmWv; a\pjyhncp²hpw. AXpsImWvSpXs¶ aXhncp²hpamWv. F¶m k±mw lpssk³ F¶ Hcp `cWm[nImcntbmSpÅ hntcm[¯nsâ t]cn CdmJnse Ht¶Im tImSn a\pjysc Ignª ]Xns\m¶phÀjw Blmchpw acp¶pw sImSp¡msX sFIycmjv{Sk` _µnIfm¡pIbpw Bdpe£w Ip«nIfpÄs¸sS ]Xns\m¶p e£s¯ sIms¶mSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CÆn[w temI¯nse Gäw {Iqc\mb sImebmfnbpw sImSpw`oIc\pambn amdnb skIyqcnän Iu¬kn Ct¸mgpw kam[m\¯nsâ Imh¡mcmbmWv Adnbs¸Sp¶sX¶Xv F{Xam{Xw hnNn{Xhpw hntcm[m`mkhpamWv. Atacn¡bptSXÃm¯ Hcp am\ZÞhpw AfhptImepw temI¯n\v C¶nà F¶XmWv CXn\p ImcWw.
apkvenwIfn Xo{hhmZnItfm `oIc{]hÀ¯Itcm Bbn Bcpansöv AhImis¸Sm\mhnÃ. Ckvemans\ Gsd If¦s¸Sp¯pIbpw AXnsâ {]XnOmb XIÀ¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ A]Izhpw hnthIclnXhpamb A¯cw {]hÀ¯\§fnteÀs¸Sp¶ Häs¸« Nnesc A§n§mbn ImWm³ Igntª¡pw. apkvenw \mSpIfn A¯cw `oIc{]hÀ¯\§fpw Xo{hhmZNn´Ifpw hfÀ¶phcm³ ImcWw, AhnS§fnse GIm[n]XyþtkzOm[n]Xy `cWIqS§fpw AhbpsS sImSnb Xn·IfpamWv. P\m[n]Xy]chpw kam[m\]chpamb amÀK§fneqsS P\m`nemj§sf {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶ `cWIqS§Ä Øm]n¡m\pw hyhØmamä¯n\pambn Ignª \nch[n ]XnämWvSpIfnembn \S¯nt¸m¶ {ia§Ä km{amPy iànIfpsS CSs]SÂImcWw ]cmPbaSªXn\m £asI« Hcp]äw sNdp¸¡mÀ Xo{hhmZkao]\w kzoIcn¡pIbmWpWvSmbXv. apkvenw \yq\]£ {]tZi§fn `qcn]£t¯msSm¸w `cWIqShpw tNÀ¶v \S¯p¶ sImSpw`oIchr¯nIfmWv Nne sNdp¸¡msc Xpey\nebn {]XnIcn¡m³ t{]cn¸n¡p¶Xv. XoÀ¯pw Häs¸« C¯cw kw`h§sf s]cp¸n¨pImWn¨mWv XÂ]c I£nIÄ Ckvemans\Xnsc `oIcXbpw Xo{hhmZhpw Btcm]n¡p¶Xv.
Ckvemw FÃmhn[ `oIcX¡pw FXncmWvþ hyànIfpsSbpw kwLSnX {]Øm\§fpsSbpw `cWIqS§fpsSbpw sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsSbpw. `oIcXsbbpw Xo{hhmZs¯bpw AXv XoÀ¯pw \ncmIcn¡pIbpw iànbmbn FXnÀ¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. \nc]cm[nIfpsS acW¯n\pw kz¯p\mi¯n\pw CShcp¯p¶ `oIc{]hÀ¯\§Ä aXhncp²amWv. AImcWambn Hcmsf h[n¡p¶Xv apgph³ a\pjyscbpw h[n¡p¶Xpt]msebpw, HcmÄ¡p Poht\Ip¶Xv apgph³ a\pjyÀ¡pw PohnXtaIp¶Xpt]msebpamsW¶v JpÀB³ AkµnKv[ambn hyàam¡p¶p.(5: 32)
AXn\m bYmÀY hnizmknIÄ¡v Hcn¡epw Xo{hhmZnItfm `oIc{]hÀ¯Itcm BhpI km[yaÃ. AtXmsSm¸w temIsa§pw apkvenwIÄ `oIc{]hÀ¯IcmsW¶Xv Atacn¡bpsSbpw Iq«mfnIfpsSbpw AhbpsS saKt^mWpIfmIm³ hn[n¡s¸« ]uckvXy\mSpIfpsS ASnbmfkaql§fpsSbpw {]NmcWw am{XamsW¶ hkvXpX hnkvacn¡mhXÃ.(hniZamb ]T\¯n\v sF.]n.F¨v {]kn²oIcn¨ "`oIchmZhpw Ckvemapw', "JpÀBsâ bp²kao]\w' F¶o IrXnIÄ ImWpI.) |
