""imkv{Xhncp²ambn H¶pw CkvemanensömWtÃm ]dbs¸Sp¶Xv. F¦n Ckvemw ]cnWmakn²m´s¯ AwKoIcn¡p¶ptWvSm?''

JÞnXambn sXfnbn¡s¸« imkv{X kXy§Ä¡v hncp²ambsXm¶pw CkvemanensöXv XoÀ¯pw icnbmWv. F¶mÂ, imkv{X\nKa\§Ät¡m Ncn{X]camb A\pam\§Ät¡m CXp _m[IaÃ. ]cnWmahmZw imkv{Xobambn sXfnbn¡s¸« H¶Ã. Ncn{X]camb Hc\pam\w am{XamWv.

]cnWmaw cWvSn\amsW¶v Pohimkv{XÚÀ ]dbp¶p. kq£va]cnWmahpw Øqe]cnWmahpw. kv]ojykn\I¯p \S¡p¶ \nÊmc amä§sf¸änbmWv kq£va]cnWmasa¶p ]dbmdpÅXv. a\pjycn \oWvShcpw Ipdnbhcpw shfp¯hcpw Idp¯hcpw BWpw s]®pw {]Xn`mimenIfpw aµ_p²nIfpsaÃmapWvStÃm. Htc IpSpw_¯n Htc amXm]nXm¡fpsS a¡fnÂt]mepw Cu sshhn[yw ZriyamWv. C¯cw amä§sf¡pdn¡p¶ kq£va]cnWmas¯ Ckvemw FXnÀ¡p¶nÃ. F¶m Hcp Pohn asäm¶mbn amdp¶ AYhm Hcp kv]ojykv asäm¶mbn amdp¶psh¶v AhImis¸Sp¶ Øqe]cnWmas¯ kw_Ôn¨mWv hyXykvXamb ho£WapÅXv. AXnsem«pw AkmwKXyhpanÃ. ImcWw Øqe]cnWma¯n\v imkv{X¯ntem Ncn{X¯ntem Hcp sXfnhpanÃ. tIcf¯nse ]cnWmahmZnIfpsS ap¶Wnt¸mcmfnbmb tUm. Ipªp®n hÀaXs¶ C¡mcyw Xpd¶pk½Xn¨n«pWvSv. ""]co£WmßIamb sXfnhpIfnsöv ]dªXv Øqe]cnWmas¯¡pdn¨p am{XamWv. AtXkabw, ]co£WhmZ¯neS§nbn«pÅ an¡ X¯z§sf¡pdn¨pw kq£vaamb ]cnWmaamä§sf¡pdn¨pw ]co£W§Ä \S¯n Bin¨ ^e§Ä k¼mZn¡phm³ imkv{XÚ·mÀ¡p Ignªn«pWvSv''(D²cWw: krjvSnhmZhpw ]cnWmahmZnIfpw, ]pdw 33).

]cnWmahmZ¯nsâ D]ÚmXmhmbn hmgv¯s¸Sp¶ NmÄkv UmÀhn³ t]mepw AXns\ A\ntj[yamb Hcp kn²m´ambn Xd¸n¨p ]dªn«nÃ. At±lw FgpXp¶p: ""hntijcq]§fpsS hyXncnàXbpw Ah At\Iw ]cnhÀ¯\I®nIfm tNÀ¡s¸«n«nà F¶Xpw hfsc hyàamb {]iv\amWv...''

""Fsâ kn²m´{]Imcw kneqdnb³ L«¯n\p ap¼v XoÀ¨bmbpw FhnsSsb¦nepw ASnªpIqSnbncn¡mhp¶ hn]peamb t^mknÂ]mfnIfpsS A`mhw DÄs¡mÅp¶XnepÅ {]bmkw hfsc hepXmWv. CXp hniZoIcn¡m\mhmsX XpScpw. Rm\nhnsS AhXcn¸n¨ ho£W§tfmSpÅ, km[pXbpÅ FXnÀhmZambn \ymbambpw CXp¶bn¡s¸t«¡mw.''(HdnPn³ Hm^v kv]ojykv, t]Pv 314. D²cWw, UmÀhn\nkw: {]Xo£bpw {]XnkÔnbpw, ]pdw 23).

""UmÀhn³ IrXnbnse H¼Xmw A[ymb¯nsâ Xes¡«v "`qimkv{X tcJbpsS A]qÀWXsb¸än' F¶mWv. t^mkn irwJebnse hnShpIsf¸än UmÀhn³ \ÂIp¶ hniZoIcW§fmWv AXnsâ DÅS¡w. At±lw FgpXn: "hntijcq]§fpsS hyXncnàXbpw Ah At\Iw ]cnhÀ¯\I®nIfm tNÀ¡s¸«n«nà F¶Xpw hfsc hyàamb {]iv\amWv'' (HdnPn³ Hm^v kv]ojykv, t]Pv 291. D²cWw, UmÀhn\nkw: {]Xo£bpw {]XnkÔnbpw, ]pdw 30).

""Htc {Kq¸nse hnhn[ kv]ojykpIÄ ]g¡tadnb ]mentbm tkmbnIv IÂ]¯nsâ BZyL«amb kneqdnb³ ]mfnIfn s]s«¶v {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xmbn A¡mes¯ DXvJ\\§Ä sXfnbn¨ncp¶p. kneqdnb\v sXm«pap¼pÅ {ItÌjy³ ]mfnbn ChbpsS ap³KmanIsf ImtWWvSnbncp¶p. ]t£, e`yambnÃ. CXp KpcpXcamb {]iv\amsW¶v k½Xn¨psImWvSv UmÀhn³ FgpXp¶p: "Cu hnkvXrXamb {]mKvL«§fpsS tcJIÄ F´psImWvSp ImWp¶nsö tNmZy¯n\v kwXr]vXamb D¯cw \ÂIm³ F\n¡p IgnbnÃ''(HdnPn³ Hm^v kv]ojykv, t]Pv, 313. D²cWw, UmÀhn\nkw: {]Xo£bpw {]XnkÔnbpw, ]pdw 30).

NmÄkv UmÀhn\p tijw ]cnWmahmZ¯n\v Dt]mZv_eIamb sXfnhpIsfm¶pw e`n¨n«nsöXv {]tXyIw {]kvXmhyamWv. Nn¡mtKm kÀhIemimebnse `qKÀ` imkv{XhIp¸nsâ sNbÀam³ tUhnUv Fw. dq¸v FgpXp¶p: ""Xsâ kn²m´hpw t^mkn sXfnhpIfpw X½nepÅ s]mcp¯t¡Sn\v kmam\y ]cnlmcambn t^mkn tcJ hfsc A]qÀhamsW¶mWv UmÀhn³ ]dªXv. UmÀhn\ptijw \qäncp]Xv hÀjw Ignªncn¡p¶p. t^mkn tcJsb¸änbpÅ hnÚm\w hfsctbsd hnIkn¨n«pWvSv. \ap¡nt¸mÄ cWvSp e£¯n A¼Xn\mbncw t^mkn kv]ojykpIfpsWvS¦nepw ØnXn A{Xsbm¶pw amdnbn«nÃ. ]cnWmatcJ Ct¸mgpw hnkvabn¸n¡pwhn[w `wKapÅXmWv. hntcm[m`mksat¶mWw UmÀhnsâ Ime¯pWvSmbncp¶Xnt\¡mÄ Ipdª ]cnWma DZmlcW§tf \ap¡pÅq'' ( Conflicts between Darwinism and Paloeantology Bullettin Field Museum of Natural History: 50 Jan 1979, P: 22 D²cWw Ibid ]pdw 23).

UmÀhn\nk¯n ]cnWmahmZnIÄ¡pXs¶ hnizmkw \jvSs¸«psImWvSncn¡pIbmWv. HmIvkvt^mÀUv kÀhIemime 1982þ ]pd¯nd¡nb, {]apJ P´pimkv{XÚ\pw ]cnWmahmZnbpamb slmhmUnsâ UmÀhns\ kw_Ôn¨ PohNcn{X IrXnbnen§s\ ImWmw: ""UmÀhnsâ acWiXm_vZntbmsS hnÚm\¯n\pÅ UmÀhnsâ kw`mh\bpsS hnetbbpw \netbbpw ]än hym]Iamb kwibat\m`mhhpw AkzØXbpw DWvSmbnhcp¶p''(D²cWw: krjvSnhmZhpw ]cnWmahmZnIfpw, ]pdw 54).

{]apJ t^mkn imkv{XÚcmb Ìo^³ KuÄUpw \oÂkv FÂss{UUvPpw UmÀhn\nk¯n hnizmkw \jvSs¸«Xn\m ]pXnb kn²m´w BhnjvIcn¡pIbpWvSmbn. hnizhnJymXcmb ]cnWmahmZnIÄ¡pt]mepw X§Ä apt¼m«ph¨ kn²m´¯nsâ ZuÀ_ey§sf¡pdn¨v \¶mbdnbmw. kXykÔcmb Nnesc¦nepw AXv Xpd¶p]dbmdpWvSv. {]ikvX ]pcmPohnimkv{XÚ\pw ]cnWma hnizmknbpamb tUm. tImfn³ ]mtägvk¬ FgpXnb I¯nen§s\ ImWmw: ""]£nIfpsSsbÃmw ap³Kmanbmbncp¶pthm BÀ¡ntbm]vsSdnIvkv? Hcp]t£, Bbncn¡mw. Hcp]t£ AÃmbncn¡mw. Cu tNmZy¯n\p D¯cw IsWvS¯m³ bmsXmcp amÀKhpanÃ. Hcp cq]¯nÂ\n¶pw asämcp cq]apWvSmbsX§s\sb¶Xns\¸än IYIÄ sa\bm³ Ffp¸amWv; {]IrXn\nÀ[mcWw Hmtcm L«s¯bpw F§s\bmWv ]n´pW¨sX¶p ]dbm\pw. ]t£, A¯cw IYIÄ imkv{X¯nsâ `mKaÃ. ImcWw Ahsb ]co£W hnt[bam¡m\mhnÃ'' (1979 G{]n 10þse ]mtägvksâ I¯v Scopes II The Great Debate pp. 14þ15. D²cWw: Ibid ]pdw 68).

{]apJ krjvSnhmZ Fgp¯pImc\mb kpâÀemânsâ I¯n\pÅ adp]Sn¡¯mbncp¶p tImfn³ ]mtägvktâXv. AXnet±lw C{XIqSn Ipdn¨nSpIbpWvSmbn: ""]cnWma]camb ]cnhÀ¯\§fpsS t\cn«pÅ DZmlcW§Ä Fsâ ]pkvXI¯n CÃm¯Xns\¡pdn¨pÅ Xm¦fpsS A`n{]mb§tfmSv Rm³ ]qÀWambn tbmPn¡p¶p. Pohn¨ncn¡p¶tXm t^mkn cq]¯nepÅtXm Bb A¯cw GsX¦nepw H¶ns\¡pdn¨v F\n¡dnbmambncps¶¦n XoÀ¨bmbpw Rm\Xv DÄs¸Sp¯pambncp¶p. A¯cw ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä Hcp BÀ«nÌns\s¡mWvSv `mh\bn hc¸n¨pIqtSsb¶v Xm¦Ä \nÀtZin¡p¶p. ]t£, AtX¸änbpÅ hnhc§Ä AbmÄ¡v FhnsS\n¶v e`n¡pw? kXykÔambn ]dªm F\n¡v \ÂIm\mhnÃ.''( Ibid ]pdw 68)

imkv{X¯nsâ IsWvS¯epIsfms¡ UmÀhn\nks¯ iàns¸Sp¯nbnt«bpÅqsh¶v ASp¯Imew hsc iàambn hmZn¨ncp¶ tUm. F.F³. \¼qXncnt]mepw adn¨p]dbm³ \nÀ_ÔnX\mhpIbpWvSmbn. At±lw FgpXn: ""imkv{XcwKs¯ ]pXnb amä§Ä DÄs¡mÅm\pw DuÀPkzeambn \ne\nÀ¯m\pw UmÀhn\nk¯n\p CXphsc Ignªp. ASp¯Ime¯mWv Nn{Xw amdnbXv. Ct¸mgpw UmÀhn\nk¯nsâ {]`bv¡v s]mXpsh a§teän«nÃ. F¦nepw Pohsâ Ncn{X¯nse Nne L«§fnse¦nepw ]cnWma¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\coXn UmÀhn³ k¦Â]¯n\v A\ptbmPyaà F¶ kqN\IfpWvSv. UmÀhn\nkw t\cnSp¶ BZys¯ {]XnkÔn.'' (UmÀhn\nkw hgn¯ncnhnÂ, IemIuapZn 1076, t]Pv 19).

imkv{XkXy§fpsS t\sc D¶bn¡s¸Sp¶ tNmZy§Ä¡v Xr]vXnIcamb adp]SnIfpWvSmbncn¡pw. F¶m ]cnWmahmZ¯n\p t\sc ss[jWnI Xe¯nÂ\n¶v DbÀ¯s¸« tNmZy§Äs¡m¶pw CtXhsc adp]Sn e`n¨n«nÃ. DZmlcW¯n\v H¶pam{XanhnsS D²cn¡mw.""PohnIfn \nc´cambn hyXnbm\§Ä DWvSmbns¡mWvSncn¡p¶p. A\pIqe hyXnbm\§sf {]IrXn\nÀ[mcWw hgn AXnPohn¸n¡p¶Xn\m Ah ]mc¼cyambn ssIamds¸Sp¶p. A\pIqeKpW§Ä kzcq]n¡s¸«v ]pXnb PohnhÀK§fpWvSmhp¶p'' F¶mWv UmÀhn\nk¯nsâ hmZw. CXp icnbmsW¦n GItZiw ap¶qdptImSn hÀj§Ä¡¸pdw DWvSmb (C¶pw \ne\n¡p¶) GItImi efnXPohnIfmb Aao_IÄ F´psImWvShtijn¨p? C¶p ImWs¸Sp¶ Aao_IfpsS ap³XeapdIfn \nc´cambn hyXnbm\§Ä DWvSmbntÃ? Csæn F´psImWvSv? Ah asämcp PohnhÀKambn ]cnWan¡msX {]XnIqe ]cnXxØnXnIsf F§s\ AXnPohn¨p? ap¶qdptImSn hÀj§Ä¡¸pdw \ne\n¶ GItImi§fpsS Hcp t{iWn AtX]Sn XpScpIbpw asämcp t{iWn AkwJyw ]pXnb kv]ojykpIfneqsS kkvX\nIfnse¯pIbpw sNbvXsX´psImWvSv? C¯cw tNmZy§Ä UmÀhn\nk¯nsâ ssk²m´nI tijnsb ]co£n¡p¶hbmWv. Cu hkvXpX Xs¶ Ipg¡p¶Xmbn UmÀhn³ Xs¶ k½Xn¨n«pWvSv. 1860 sabv 22þ\v UmÀhn³ At±l¯nsâ ]n´pW¡mc\pw lmÀhmÀUv kÀhIemimebnse kkyimkv{XÚ\pambncp¶ Akmt{K¡v FgpXn: ""I¯pIfnÂ\n¶pw A`n{]mb {]IS\§fnÂ\n¶pw a\ÊnemIp¶Xn\\pkcn¨v Fsâ IrXnbpsS Gähpw henb t]mcmbva FÃm ssPhcq]§fpw ]ptcmKan¡p¶psh¦n ]ns¶ efnXamb ssPhcq]§Ä F´n\p \ne\n¡p¶p F¶p hniZoIcn¡m³ IgnbmsX t]mbXmWv.''({^m³knkv UmÀhn³ FUnäp sNbvX The life and letters of Charls Darwin F¶ IrXnbnÂ\n¶v, F³. Fw. lpssk³, UmÀhn\nkw: {]Xo£bpw {]XnkÔnbpw, ]pdw 18,19).

]cnWmahmZnIÄ BZyIme¯v X§fpsS hmZ¯n\v sXfnhmbn FSp¯pImWn¨ncp¶ \nbmWvSÀXm a\pjycpsS t^mknepIÄ IWtcmKw _m[n¨ km[mcW a\pjycpsS AØnIÄ tNÀ¯psh¨XmsW¶v ]n¶oSv sXfnbn¡s¸SpIbpWvSmbn. AtXmsS arKOmbbpÅ \nbmWvSÀXm a\pjysâ IYbpw I®nbpw Aäpt]mbn IYmhtijambn. ]Icsam¶p hbv¡m\nt¶mfw ]cnWmahmZnIÄ¡p km[n¨n«nÃ. C{]ImcwXs¶bmWv l«v a\pjysâ IYbpw. a\pjy\pw BÄ¡pc§\panSbnse {]kn²amsbmcp I®nbmbmWv ]cnWmahmZnIÄ l«v a\pjys\ AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. F¶m BÄ¡pc§nsâ XmSnsbÃv a\pjysâ Xetbm«n LSn¸n¨v Ir{Xnaambn DWvSm¡nbXmWv Cu AÀ[ a\pjy t^mknse¶v ]n¶oSv sXfnbn¡s¸SpIbpWvSmbn. CsXÃmw ]cnWmahmZs¯ IYmhtijam¡p¶Xn AXn{][m\amb ]¦mWv hln¨psImWvSncn¡p¶Xv.

Npcp¡¯nÂ, ]cnWmahmZ¯n\v Fs´¦nepw imkv{Xob ASn¯dtbm {]amW¯nsâ ]n³_etam CÃ. tIhew hnIe `mh\bpw A\pam\§fpw \nKa\§fpw am{XamWXv. AXnsâ hnizmkyX ASn¡Sn \jvSs¸«psImWvSncn¡pIbmWv. C¯csam¶ns\ Ckvemw AwKoIcn¡p¶ptWvSm F¶ {]iv\w DZv`hn¡p¶nÃ. ]cnWma k¦ev]w Hcp kn²m´ambn sXfnbn¡s¸Spt¼mtg AXnsâ t\scbpÅ Ckvemansâ kao]\w hniIe\w sN¿p¶XneÀYapÅq.